2021 Reprint of the 1935 Edition. Leninism or Marxism? was first published as an article in 1904 under the title "Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy" and later reprinted in pamphlet form titled Marxism vs. Leninism in 1935 by the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation.

Rosa Luxemburg's critique of Lenin's concept of revolutionary organization show the disagreements within the Marxist movements in Europe in the years preceding 1917; her comparisons with Blanquism and chillingly accurate predictions of the consequences of such organization in a successful revolution are incredibly important to an understanding of the differing interpretations of Marx at that time in relation to the State and its relationship with workers.