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The only practical audio tests & measurements manual in English language
Learn how electronic test instruments work and how to use them to measure AC & DC voltage, current, power, phase shift, resistance, capacitance, inductance, gain/attenuation, distortion, and other parameters of audio equipment.
The operational principles, features, capabilities and limitations of multimeters, LCR meters, oscilloscopes, function generators, spectrum analyzers, LCR bridges, power supplies, transistor & tube testers, and other types of instruments are explained in a simple and systematic way. Both modern and vintage instruments, analog and digital, are covered.
The application side of this unique manual is focused on how to measure various parameters of hi-fi and guitar amplifiers, preamplifiers and crossovers, such as power consumption, gain, input sensitivity, output power, harmonic and intermodulation distortion, signal-to-noise ratio, crosstalk, input and output impedance, damping factor, frequency range and amplitude characteristic, internal AC & DC voltages and waveforms, phono stage equalization accuracy and even some speaker measurements.
This one-of-a-kind, large format (A4 size) practical manual is richly and professionally illustrated with more than 130 photographs and 250 illustrations, measurement setups, circuit diagrams, graphs and tables.
Understanding test & measurement methods and the functionality of test instruments is a very useful skill. This book is a treasure-trove of practical information for DIY enthusiasts, amplifier builders and anyone who wants to learn how to test audio equipment. Instruments, test methods and principles are explained in a simple and straightforward way. The emphasis is not on theory, but on hands-on, practical applications.
Who will benefit from this unique book?
CONTENTS (Chapter titles):
Volume 2 of the most complete and practical modern reference on tube guitar amplifiers
In Volume 1 we've laid the groundwork for more practical aspects of guitar amps that will be covered in this volume, namely amp troubleshooting & repair, modifications & improvements, and construction (building). Out of necessity, Volume 1 was a bit more theoretical of the two. Understanding operational principles and design & analysis tools is necessary to fully master the hands-on stuff, so you will know not only what should be done and how, but also why or why not.
The first two chapters of this volume deal with the final stages in the amplification chain, namely output transformers, loudspeakers, attenuators and headphone/line out circuitry.
Chapter 3 covers the basic troubleshooting and amplifier repair tools and methods.
Chapter 4 discusses practical wiring, soldering and circuit modification issues seldom or never mentioned in other books.
Although numerous circuit modifications and improvements have been dispersed throughout both volumes, chapters 5 and 6 cover two specific areas where mods are particularly effective and noticeable, namely in power supplies and in tone changes through simple changes such as tube and component substitutions.
Chapter 7 is a review and analysis of a few modern push-pull amplifiers such as Orange Tiny Terror, Jet City JCA20H, Fender Excelsior and Epiphone Electar Century. These case studies illustrate common issues and improvement options.
The DIY project section (last five chapters) will take you through a dozen or so unique amplifier designs, some single-ended, other of push-pull, using different preamp and less common output tubes, such as 12FQ8, 12A6, 5687, 12AU7, 6SN7, 6AR6, 6BX7, 6EM7, ECL86 and PL508. Of course, there are also designs and DIY projects with much loved favorites such as EL84, 6V6, 6L6, EL34, and 7027A.
Finally, we look at examples of vintage tube gear that already contain a tube amplifier inside and how to quickly and easily convert them into guitar amps.
This practical DIY manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of tubes, components and amplifiers, circuit diagrams, tube pinouts, curves and loadlines, graphs and charts. These valuable illustrations make it faster and easier to comprehend issues, a picture is truly worth a thousand words All the information required to design and build tube guitar amplifiers is compiled in one place.
Who is this book for?
-Guitar players wanting to learn how tubes and tube amplifiers work.
- DIY constructors who want to build, service or modify tube guitar amps.
- Buyers and sellers of tube guitar amps who need a better understanding of tube technology.
- Electronic technicians and engineers familiar with solid state devices and amps, who want to expand their knowledge of tubes and their circuits.
- Anyone who wants to learn how to design, build, test, fix, or upgrade tube guitar amps.
Contents of Volume 2:
- OUTPUT AND INTERSTAGE TRANSFORMERS FOR TUBE GUITAR AMPS
- LOUDSPEAKERS, OUTPUT ATTENUATORS & HEADPHONE CIRCUITS
- TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING TUBE GUITAR AMPLIFIERS
- WIRING, SOLDERING & MODIFICATION PRACTICES
- POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
- TONE TWEAKS
- MODERN PUSH-PULL AMPS
- DIY PROJECTS: CONVERTING SOLID STATE GUITAR AMPS TO TUBES
- DIY PROJECTS: ULTRA-SMALL AMPS
- REBULDING COMMERCIAL AMPS IN A HANDWIRED (POINT-TO-POINT) FASHION
- DIY PROJECTS: QUIRKY & UNUSUAL DESIGNS
- CONVERTING VINTAGE TUBE GEAR INTO GUITAR AMPS
Volume 1 of the most complete and practical modern reference on tube guitar amplifiers
The first three chapters of this unique book cover introductory topics such as basic electronic circuits and passive components (resistors, capacitors, inductors), the building blocks of tube amplifiers. Audio amplifiers are also investigated as black boxes, from the outside perspective, and important concepts such as spectra, gain, bandwidth and distortion are introduced.
Chapters four to six explain operational principles behind vacuum tubes (diodes, triodes, tetrodes and pentodes), and their use as rectifiers and active amplification components in guitar amps.
The rest of the book progresses through various stages of guitar amps, from input circuits and preamplifier stages, through tone control circuits and analog effects, to output or power stages.
After the in-depth coverage of tube power supplies, single-ended output stages (triode, pentode and ultralinear) are covered first, followed by phase inverters and push-pull circuits.
Various types of negative feedback are explained, together with their benefits and drawbacks. The associated controls such as Presence, Resonance and Texture(TM) are also discussed, using Peavey ValveKing 212 amp as a case study.
Despite claims by their manufacturers, many modern guitar amps aren't all tube at all, but hybrid designs. Most have a single tube in preamp stages to color the sound, and a cheap solid state output stage (usually using integrated circuits). Others take the opposite approach, choosing semiconductor preamp stages and a tubed power stage. For that reason solid state (semiconductor) components and amplifiers are covered here briefly, together with two examples of hybrid amps.
This practical DIY manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of tubes, components and amplifiers, circuit diagrams, tube pinouts, curves and loadlines, graphs and charts. These valuable illustrations make it faster and easier to comprehend issues, a picture is truly worth a thousand words! All the information required to design and build tube guitar amplifiers is compiled in one place.
Who is this book for?
-Guitar players wanting to learn how tubes and tube amplifiers work.
- DIY constructors who want to build, service or modify tube guitar amps.
- Buyers and sellers of tube guitar amps who need a better understanding of tube technology.
- Electronic technicians and engineers familiar with solid state devices and amps, who want to expand their knowledge of tubes and their circuits.
- Anyone who wants to learn how to design, build, test, fix, or upgrade tube guitar amps.
Contents of Volume 1:
- BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT THEORY
- AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
- ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
- PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TUBE OPERATION
- TRIODES AS VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
- TETRODES, PENTODES AND BEAM-POWER TUBES
- INPUT CIRCUITS AND STAGES
- TONE CONTROLS
- ANALOG EFFECTS (TREMOLO, VIBRATO, REVERB) AND EFFECTS LOOPS
- POWER SUPPLIES FOR TUBE AMPLIFIERS
- SINGLE-ENDED TRIODE, PENTODE AND ULTRALINEAR OUTPUT STAGES
- PHASE SPLITTERS OR INVERTERS
- PUSH-PULL OUTPUT STAGES
- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- TRANSISTOR AND HYBRID GUITAR AMPLIFIERS
The most complete and practical modern reference on audiophile vacuum tube technology Destined to become a true classic in its field, this unique DIY design & construction manual presents the theory and practice of amplifier design & construction in a balanced way.
For those who dislike formulas and want proven, practical, ready-to-build designs, dozens of such commercial, tried & tested circuits are explained and analyzed. Just get your soldering iron ready and start building Absolute beginners will benefit from the methodological approach, starting with DC circuits, then moving into AC voltages and currents and their circuits. The first few chapters of Volume 1 are a complete training course in fundamentals of electronics.
Although the focus is on audiophile or hi-fi vacuum tube amplifiers, those interested in tube guitar amps will also benefit from the wealth of material presented, most of which directly applies to tube guitar amps as well. Apart from various audio circuits, electronic components, power supplies and tests & measurements are also covered in depth. Even tube testing and tube testers are discussed at great length, as is troubleshooting, repairing and modifying (upgrading) tube gear. The advanced topics that other books don't even mention, such as audio transformer design, construction and testing, make this reference manual a valuable addition to your technical library.
For those familiar with solid state devices, such as bipolar transistors and FETs, an easy and seamless transition into tube technology is provided in the book, which adopts a unifying approach to amplification and rectification devices, be they of solid state or vacuum tube kind.
This practical DIY manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of tubes, components and amplifiers, circuit diagrams, tube pinouts, curves and loadlines, graphs and charts. Hundreds of such valuable illustrations make it easy to comprehend issues. There is no need to search for, download and print such information, saving you valuable time. All the information required to design and build tube amplifiers is compiled in one place.
Who is this book for?
-Audiophiles and guitar players wanting to learn how tubes and tube amplifiers work.
-DIY constructors who wish to take their knowledge and building skills to a higher level.
-Buyers and sellers of tubes and tube equipment who need a better understanding of tube technology.
-Electronic technicians and engineers familiar with solid state devices and circuits, who want to expand their knowledge of tubes and their circuits.
-Anyone who wants to learn how to design, build, test, fix, or upgrade tube gear.
Contents of Volume 1:
-WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM THIS BOOK AND HOW
-BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT THEORY
-ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
-AUDIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS
-PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TUBE OPERATION
-VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION WITH TRIODES - THE COMMON CATHODE STAGE
-OTHER VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION STAGES WITH TRIODES
-TETRODES AND PENTODES AS VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
-FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF VACUUM TUBE AMPLIFIERS
-IMPEDANCE-COUPLED STAGES AND INTERSTAGE TRANSFORMERS
-NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
-TONE CONTROLS, ACTIVE CROSSOVERS AND OTHER CIRCUITS
-PRACTICAL LINE-LEVEL PREAMPLIFIER DESIGNS
-PHONO PREAMPLIFIERS
-SINGLE-ENDED TRIODE OUTPUT STAGE
-PRACTICAL SINGLE-ENDED TRIODE AMPLIFIER DESIGNS
-PRACTICAL SINGLE-ENDED PSEUDO-TRIODE DESIGNS
-SINGLE-ENDED PENTODE AND ULTRALINEAR OUTPUT STAGES
The most complete and practical modern reference on audiophile vacuum tube technology Destined to become a true classic in its field, this unique DIY design & construction manual presents the theory and practice of amplifier design & construction in a balanced way.
For those who dislike formulas and want proven, practical, ready-to-build designs, dozens of such commercial, tried & tested circuits are explained and analyzed. Just get your soldering iron ready and start building Absolute beginners will benefit from the methodological approach, starting with DC circuits, then moving into AC voltages and currents and their circuits. The first few chapters of Volume 1 are a complete training course in fundamentals of electronics.
Although the focus is on audiophile or hi-fi vacuum tube amplifiers, those interested in tube guitar amps will also benefit from the wealth of material presented, most of which directly applies to tube guitar amps as well. Apart from various audio circuits, electronic components, power supplies and tests & measurements are also covered in depth. Even tube testing and tube testers are discussed at great length, as is troubleshooting, repairing and modifying (upgrading) tube gear. The advanced topics that other books don't even mention, such as audio transformer design, construction and testing, make this reference manual a valuable addition to your technical library.
For those familiar with solid state devices, such as bipolar transistors and FETs, an easy and seamless transition into tube technology is provided in the book, which adopts a unifying approach to amplification and rectification devices, be they of solid state or vacuum tube kind.
This practical DIY manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of tubes, components and amplifiers, circuit diagrams, tube pinouts, curves and loadlines, graphs and charts. Hundreds of such valuable illustrations make it easy to comprehend issues. There is no need to search for, download and print such information, saving you valuable time. All the information required to design and build tube amplifiers is compiled in one place.
Who is this book for?
-Audiophiles and guitar players wanting to learn how tubes and tube amplifiers work.
-DIY constructors who wish to take their knowledge and building skills to a higher level.
-Buyers and sellers of tubes and tube equipment who need a better understanding of tube technology.
-Electronic technicians and engineers familiar with solid state devices and circuits, who want to expand their knowledge of tubes and their circuits.
-Anyone who wants to learn how to design, build, test, fix, or upgrade tube gear.
Contents of Volume 2:
-PRACTICAL SINGLE-ENDED PENTODE AND ULTRALINEAR DESIGNS
-PUSH-PULL OUTPUT STAGES
-PRACTICAL PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER DESIGNS
-BALANCED, BRIDGE AND OTL (OUTPUT TRANSFORMERLESS) AMPLIFIERS
-THE DESIGN PROCESS
-FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND TRANSFORMERS
-MAINS TRANSFORMERS AND FILTERING CHOKES
- POWER SUPPLIES FOR TUBE AMPLIFIERS
-AUDIO TRANSFORMERS
-TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING TUBE AMPLIFIERS
-UPGRADING & IMPROVING TUBE AMPLIFIERS
-SOUND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
-AUDIO TESTS & MEASUREMENTS
-TESTING & MATCHING VACUUM TUBES
How to Use, Calibrate, Repair and Upgrade Vacuum Tube Testers
The revival of tube technology in guitar and audiophile amplifiers has also led to the renewed interest in vacuum tube testers and their ultimate purpose, testing and matching of audio tubes. The prices of vintage tube testers have risen to levels unimaginable just a few years earlier. Tube testers their owners could not give away then are now fetching many hundreds and some even thousands of dollars.
Due to high prices of both NOS and currently produced tubes, audiophiles and guitar players want to test & match their own tubes to make sure they've got what the sellers promised, and to see if their old tubes needed replacing in the first place.
If you are a technician who fixes amps or tube seller, then a reliable and accurate tube tester will be beneficial to your business and will improve your bottom line. Declared results of meaningful tests will help you get a higher price for your tubes and repair or tube matching services.
Tube testers and tube testing are so misunderstood that buying a wrong tube tester, using it to do things it was never designed to do, damaging or even destroying tubes it was supposed to test, are just some of the consequences of such ignorance, myths and misconceptions.
Tube testers suffer from false positives and false negatives. A false positive is when a perfectly good tube is tested as faulty, worn or marginal and discarded. The false negative is when a faulty tube is passed by a tube tester as a healthy one, and, as a result, an expensive repair is likely if a faulty tube causes secondary faults in the actual equipment such as tube amplifier.
Just like cars, some tube testers look good but aren't that easy or pleasurable to use, others look old fashioned or complicated, but are quite accurate and capable. Some brands and models are overpriced, others are under-appreciated and thus cheaper than they should be.
One aim of this unique book is to identify strengths and weaknesses of various types or families of tube testers in a general sense, and positive and negative aspects of many specific models that often come up for sale.
Design, functionality, calibration and modifications of testers by B&K, Hickok, Triplett, Mercury, Sencore, Weston, Simpson, AVO, Taylor, RCA, Precise, Precision, Eico, Jackson, Sylvania, Knight, Heathkit, Seco, Sico, Conar, Metrix and other brands are discussed.
This practical technical manual is richly illustrated with photographs of inside and outside views of tube testers, their circuit diagrams and various graphs and charts.
Who is this book for?
- Buyers and sellers of vacuum tubes
- DIY constructors who want to build, service or modify tube amps
- Audiophiles and guitar players who want to match their own tubes
- Technicians and engineers who want to expand their knowledge of tubes and tube testers
- Anyone who wants to learn how to use, calibrate, repair and upgrade tube testers
Volume 3 of the most complete and practical modern reference on audiophile vacuum tube technology
If you liked the practical side of Volumes 1 and 2, Volume 3 will delight you. No theory, just dozens of practical designs, proven circuits and useful test & measurement methods.
Various directly-heated triodes are explored and used in line stages and power amplifiers, a true heaven for DHT lovers. Dozens of DIY and commercial amps and preamps with 2A3, 300B, VT25, #46, 12A, 201A, GM70, 805, 845, 813, 211A are described in detail, their circuits analyzed and improvements suggested. Most use no negative feedback and many feature interstage transformers or direct coupling.
Many less known preamplifier and driver tubes are also explored and used in practical designs: EL33, 12B4A, EC8010, 6EM7, 6DN7, 6N30P, 5670, C3m, C3g and 1626 (VT-137). Most sound divine in preamplifiers and driver stages of power amplifiers
More than a dozen of vintage designs were discussed and analyzed, amplifiers that featured prominently in the history of hi-fi or are recommended as upgrade platforms, QUAD II, The Williamson amplifier, Dynaco MkIII, Quicksilver 8417 and Fisher SA-1000 among others.
Designs by contemporary amplifier makers such as Audio Research, E.A.R., Shindo Labs, Leben, Jadis, Audion, Bel Canto, Marantz and others, also feature prominently in this volume. Valuable lessons can be learned from these case studies.
Finally, for those who want proven, practical, ready-to-build designs, many of our own, tried & tested circuits are explained and analyzed. Most outperform expensive commercial audiophile gear by a wide margin. As an amateur DIY builder you are free to build them for your personal use, so just get your soldering iron ready and start building
This practical DIY manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of tubes, components and amplifiers, circuit diagrams, tube pinouts, curves and loadlines, graphs and charts. These valuable illustrations make it faster and easier to comprehend issues, a picture is worth a thousand words All the information required to design and build tube amplifiers is compiled in one place.
Contents of Volume 3:
-WHY THE NEED FOR VOLUME 3, AND HOW IT DIFFERS FROM THE FIRST TWO>
-THE FRONT-END: SUPERIOR INPUT & DRIVER STAGES>
-FROM SHOCKING TO SUBLIME: LESSONS FROM COMMERCIAL LINE STAGES>
-DIY LINE-LEVEL PREAMPLIFIERS: $10,000 SOUND ON $500-$1,000 BUDGET>
-THE STARS OF THE AUDION ERA: ANCIENT TUBES IN MODERN AMPS>
-CHEAP & CHEERFUL: PREAMP & DRIVER TUBES FOR AUDIO EXPLORERS
-SLEEPING GIANTS: OUTPUT TUBES FOR THOSE WHO WANT TO BE DIFFERENT
-THE QUEEN OF HEARTS: SINGLE-ENDED AMPLIFIERS WITH 300B TRIODES
-TRIODES, PENTODES AND BEAM TUBES: MORE SINGLE-ENDED DESIGNS
-BIG BOTTLES: SET AMPLIFIERS WITH HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMITTING TUBES
-THE WAY IT USED TO BE: VINTAGE PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIERS
-NEW? IMPROVED? MODERN PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER DESIGNS
-CUTE, CLEVER OR CONTROVERSIAL? INTERESTING IDEAS FROM TUBE AUDIO'S PAST AND PRESENT
-THRIFTY TIPS & TRICKS: TIME & MONEY SAVING IDEAS
-OUTPUT AND INTERSTAGE TRANSFORMERS: FROM COMMERCIALBENCHMARKS TO YOUR OWN DESIGNS
-MEASUREMENTS VERSUS LISTENING AND OTHER AUDIO DESIGN DILEMMAS
The only practical audio transformer design & construction manual in English language
The design of chokes, small power transformers (those used in tube amplifiers and preamplifiers) and audio (output and interstage) transformers is such a specialist topic that even most electronics engineers would not even know how and where to start, let alone produce a finished, working transformer.
Commercial transformers and chokes are available, but most are very expensive, and those that are reasonably priced usually aren't of best quality. Plus, since they are such heavy and bulky components, international postage or courier costs are significant.
The physical principles behind transformer operation are quite complex and mathematical modeling of transformers require strong mathematical skills, deterring amateurs and DIY enthusiasts from studying the subject. While some basic understanding of operational principles is necessary, luckily, transformer design can be greatly simplified by using a few basic rules-of-thumb formulas.
Likewise, once you have a finished design (a detailed winding diagram), transformer winding & assembly is surprisingly easy. Apart from the materials (such as bobbins, laminations, insulation and magnet wire), all you need is a simple winding machine (can be of DIY variety), good hand-eye coordination and patience.
Your DIY transformers will almost always be significantly cheaper than commercial alternatives and often of better quality and better sounding than famous names transformers costing many hundreds and even thousands of dollars each.
There are more than 40 (!) detailed designs of various power, output & interstage transformers and filtering, grid & anode chokes in this unique manual. Even if you don't feel like investing time and effort into mastering the art of transformer making, simply take those winding diagrams to any transformer making shop and have your transformers professionally made for a fraction of the price of commercial alternatives.
This practical design & construction manual is richly and professionally illustrated with photographs of transformers, circuit diagrams, winding diagrams, reference tables, graphs and charts. These valuable illustrations make it faster and easier to comprehend issues and concepts. A picture is truly worth a thousand words. Indeed, all the information required to design, wind and test chokes, power and audio transformers is within these covers.
CONTENTS:
BOOK DESCRIPTION:
Avoid the hit-and-miss approach and stop wasting money on overpriced high-end products in the blind hope of sonic improvement. Achieve the ultimate audio synergy and get more enjoyment from your audio system by making it as good sounding as possible.
Sound Improvement Secrets for Audiophiles will teach you how things work, why some circuits, designs, and technologies sound the way they do, and how to make them sound even better through simple modifications and improvements. It is like having an audio and acoustic consultant by your side to guide you through optimizing and voicing your audio system and your listening room.
While relatively technical and in-depth, this practical manual goes way beyond a dozen quick tips and the simplistic advice you read elsewhere. Instead, the focus is on dozens of DIY projects, case studies, and examples of commercial audio components - turntables, preamplifiers, amplifiers, loudspeakers, power supplies, and acoustic treatments.
With over 400 photographs, diagrams, and illustrations, Sound Improvement Secrets for Audiophiles makes it easy for you to understand and comprehend complex technical concepts and issues.
The author does not shy away from many controversial and hotly debated topics. Tubes vs transistors, objectivists vs subjectivists, measurements vs listening, and digital vs analog: all of these are discussed in detail.
The money invested in this book would not even buy you a budget-priced pair of cables: it will prove to be one of the best financial investments you ever make. Even if you implement only a few improvements from the hundreds described within its pages - you will never look back!
BOOK CONTENTS:
1. WHY YOU SHOULD READ THIS BOOK AND HOW YOU WILL BENEFIT FROM IT
2. BEFORE YOU BUY AN AUDIO SYSTEM OR COMPONENT - THINGS TO DO & MISTAKES TO AVOID
3. WHAT DO WE LISTEN FOR AND WHAT DO WE ACTUALLY HEAR?
4. CLEANING UP THE POWER SUPPLY TO REDUCE NOISE, HUM, AND INTERFERENCE
5. CABLES, FUSES, CONTACTS, AND CONNECTIONS
6. UPGRADING & FINE-TUNING THE SOURCES: OPEN REEL RECORDERS, TURNTABLES,
PHONO STAGES AND CD PLAYERS
7. AUDIO AMPLIFIERS - HOW THEY WORK AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEIR SOUND
8. HEADPHONES AND HEADPHONE AMPLIFIERS
9. LOUDSPEAKER TYPES, TESTS, AND IMPROVEMENTS
10. COMPONENT MATCHING AND AUDIO SYSTEM INTEGRATION ISSUES
11. LOUDSPEAKER POSITIONING
12. OPTIMIZING THE ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE OF YOUR LISTENING ROOM
13. ACOUSTIC TREATMENTS
14. MINIMIZING UNWANTED VIBRATIONS & OSCILLATIONS
15. TROUBLESHOOTING YOUR AUDIO SYSTEM
THE AUTHOR:
Igor S. Popovich is the author of Audiophile Vacuum Tube Amplifiers Volumes 1, 2, and 3, and five other bestselling books on audio transformers, tests & measurements, tube testers, and other audio-related topics.
An Australian audio designer with over 35 years of experience and a passionate life-long audiophile, he shares his vast know-how with you in this unique and practical manual.
