For thousands of years, people of all cultures have made and used clocks, from the city sundials of ancient Rome to the medieval water clocks of imperial China, hourglasses fomenting revolution in the Middle Ages, the Stock Exchange clock of Amsterdam in 1611, Enlightenment observatories in India, and the high-precision clocks circling the Earth on a fleet of GPS satellites that have been launched since 1978. Clocks have helped us navigate the world and build empires, and have even taken us to the brink of destruction. Elites have used them to wield power, make money, govern citizens, and control lives--and sometimes the people have used them to fight back.

Through the stories of twelve clocks, About Time brings pivotal moments from the past vividly to life. Historian and lifelong clock enthusiast David Rooney takes us from the unveiling of al-Jazari's castle clock in 1206, in present-day Turkey; to the Cape of Good Hope observatory at the southern tip of Africa, where nineteenth-century British government astronomers moved the gears of empire with a time ball and a gun; to the burial of a plutonium clock now sealed beneath a public park in Osaka, where it will keep time for 5,000 years.

Rooney shows, through these artifacts, how time has been imagined, politicized, and weaponized over the centuries--and how it might bring peace. Ultimately, he writes, the technical history of horology is only the start of the story. A history of clocks is a history of civilization.

This text presents readers with an engaging while rigorous manual on the use of oscilloscopes in laboratory and field settings. It describes procedures for measuring and displaying waveforms, gives examples of how this information can be used for repairing malfunctioning equipment and developing new designs, and explains steps for debugging pre-production prototypes. The book begins by examining how the oscilloscope displays electrical energy as traces on X and Y co-ordinates, freely transitioning without loss of information between time and frequency domains, in accordance with the Fourier Transform and its modern correlate, the Fast Fourier Transform. The book continues with practical applications and case studies, describes how oscilloscopes are used in diagnosing pulse width modulation (PWM) problems--looking at serial data streaming and analyzing power supply noise and premises power quality issues--and emphasizes the great functionality of mixed-signal as opposed to mixed-domain oscilloscope, and earlier instruments. Featuring many descriptions of applications in applied science and physics, Oscilloscopes: A Manual for Students, Engineers, and Scientists is ideal for students, faculty, and practitioners.

The fifth edition features one completely new chapter covering The Measurement of Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances, while providing comprehensive state-of-the-art treatment of all known dimensional measurement devices and techniques. The Handbook of Dimensional Measurement is a unique resource organized into chapters by gage (gauge) type and function. Individual chapters move from simple to complex, from timeless measurement techniques to the most modern and innovative. As the single best (and most recognized and respected) reference on engineering measurement, the Fifth Edition improves its position as the most comprehensive source for dimensional measurement information available!

Features

• Includes a completely new chapter covering The Measurement of Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances.
• Includes an improved and expanded illustration program, with 50 new figures and new digital photographs.
• Supplements discussions with nearly 600 illustrations, line drawings and photographs.
• Includes improvements and innovations made by the leading manufacturers of dimensional measurement equipment, hardware, and machinery from the last edition.
• Describes equipment, hardware, and machinery in explicit narrative detail.
• Brings all references to national and international standards up-to-date.

This is an educational tool to be used in a classroom setting or by commercial firms and other agencies for inservice training programs. This manual contains illustrations of the different measuring instruments, an explanation of their construction, and how to use the instruments for specific applications. The tools explained are micrometers, vernier calipers, thickness gages, and wire gages. Classroom exercises and laboratory worksheets are included for instructional and evaluation purposes.

The study of dark matter, in both astrophysics and particle physics, has emerged as one of the most active and exciting topics of research in recent years. This book reviews the history behind the discovery of missing mass (or unseen mass) in the Universe, and ties this into the proposed extensions to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (such as Supersymmetry), which were being proposed within the same time frame. This book is written as an introduction to these problems at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics, with the goal of conveying the physics of dark matter to beginning undergraduate majors in scientific fields. The book goes onto describe existing and upcoming experiments and techniques, which will be used to detect dark matter either directly on indirectly.

Accuracy and consistency are essential to success in manufacturing, and the technology of precision measurement is fully explained and illustrated in this important book for both apprentice and practicing engineers.

Features

Provides illustrations of the devices throughout with descriptions of how they are used in industry. Offers a vast amount of highly useful material that can be applied to virtually any imaginable measurement or calibration task.

This exciting resource provides guidance on the proper design of indoor ranges for RF antenna measurements. The important aspects of specifying the range or resources needed in a development program are explored. Readers find in-depth coverage of range design and how to evaluate the error contributions of the range and the best approach to measure a system, antenna, or other radiating hardware.

The book provides information on selecting the right range to make a specific type of measurement and understanding for an RF absorber. MATLAB(R) scripts are also included to help estimate the performance of an RF absorber. Readers will also be able to estimate the required space for a given type of measurement, as well as identify what type of range is best, based on physical limitations and economics. Packed with examples and references, this book is a prime reference for any practitioner who uses or designs facilities for the measurement of electromagnetic energy.

This book gives an overview of modern cathodes and electron emitters for vacuum tubes and vacuum electron devices in general. It covers the latest developments in field emission theory as well as new methods towards improving thermionic and cold cathodes. It addresses thermionic cathodes, such as oxide cathodes, impregnated and scandate cathodes, as well as photocathodes and field emitters - the latter comprising carbon nanotubes, graphene and Spindt-type emitter arrays. Despite the rise and fall of the once dominant types of vacuum tubes, such as radio valves and cathode ray tubes, cathodes are continually being improved upon as new applications with increased demands arise, for example in electron beam lithography, high-power and high-frequency microwave tubes, terahertz imaging and electron sources for accelerators. Written by 17 experts in the field, the book presents the latest developments in cathodes needed for these applications, discussing the state of the art and addressing future trends.

Chapter 1. Physical models in TNDT.- Chapter 2. Heat transfer in solid bodies.- Chapter 3. Determining thermal properties of materials.- Chapter 4. Heat conduction in structures containing defects and the optimization of TNDT procedures.- Chapter 5. Defect characterization.- Chapter 6. Data processing in TNDT.- Chapter 7. Theory of thermal radiation.- Chapter 8. Equipment for active TNDT.- Chapter 9. Infrared systems.- Chapter 10. Statistical data treatment and decision making in TNDT.- Chapters 11. Applications of thermal/infrared NDT.- Chapter 12. Certification and normative documents in TNDT.

Preface.- Theoretical Background of Quantum Metrology.- Measurements, Standards and Systems of Units.- The Revised SI System of Units.- Quantum Voltage Standards.- SQUID Detectors of Magnetic Flux.- Quantum Hall Effect and the Resistance Standard.- Quantization of Electrical Conductance and Thermal Conductance in Nanostructures.- Single Electron Tunneling.- Atomic Clocks and Time Scales.- Standards and Measurements of Length.- Satellite Navigation Systems.- Scanning Probe Microscopes.- New Standards of Mass.

This book, the first of a two-volume set, focuses on the basic physical principles of blackbody radiometry and describes artificial sources of blackbody radiation, widely used as sources of optical radiation, whose energy characteristics can be calculated on the base of fundamental physical laws.

Following a review of radiometric quantities, radiation laws, and radiative heat transfer, it introduces the basic principles of blackbody radiators design, details of their practical implementation, and methods of measuring their defining characteristics, as well as metrological aspects of blackbody-based measurements. Chapters are dedicated to the effective emissivity concept, methods of increasing effective emissivities, their measurement and modeling using the Monte Carlo method, techniques of blackbody radiators heating, cooling, isothermalization, and measuring their temperature.

An extensive and comprehensive reference source, this book is of considerable value to students, researchers, and engineers involved in any aspect of blackbody radiometry.

This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences.

A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the Particle Physics Reference Library provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A, B1, B2, C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

The quality of products in the production process and the balance between resources and products is determined by, among others, the quality of management of the project. Project management aims at project implementation in accordance with the design, using prudently, the resources identified. Imaginative and flexible project management can correct even faults in the design and turn the project into a success. Land survey project is an investment scheme whose object is to acquire and present land data and information or is a scheme aimed at employing such data and information is another project, such as engineering or defence. The products of a survey project are therefore data and information about the landscape and its features such as: - Positions and position lines, Heights and height differences of points or between them, Scaled survey plans and bathymetric charts of the topography, Geo-referenced cadastral records, Thematic and topographic models, Profiles, cross-sections, earthwork quantities, lake capacity measurements, Information on structural stability, catchments, drainage, river flow, etc. A land survey project, like many other projects, can be broken down into smaller projects as stated earlier. The smaller ones are designed to work without each other but are small enough as to enhance workmanship and cost effectiveness in their management. Smaller projects are in many ways preferred to larger projects especially where it is not easy to find a variety of skills under one implementing agency of company. A contractor who does not have all the capabilities is normally allowed, under contract, to engage a subcontractor who would only be answerable to the contractor and not the client. This situation sometimes causes conflicts between contractor and employer/client or conflicts in project scheduling. Alternatively a project may be decomposed into smaller ones, that can be handled with a single contractor specialized in the smaller component.

This book on the use of Arduino and Smartphones in physics experiments, with a focus on mechanics, introduces various techniques by way of examples. The main aim is to teach students how to take meaningful measurements and how to interpret them. Each topic is introduced by an experiment. Those at the beginning of the book are rather simple to build and analyze. As the lessons proceed, the experiments become more refined and new techniques are introduced. Rather than providing recipes to be adopted while taking measurements, the need for new concepts is raised by observing the results of an experiment. A formal justification is given only after a concept has been introduced experimentally. The discussion extends beyond the taking of measurements to their meaning in terms of physics, the importance of what is learned from the laws that are derived, and their limits. Stress is placed on the importance of careful design of experiments as to reduce systematic errors and on good practices to avoid common mistakes. Data are always analyzed using computer software. C-like structures are introduced in teaching how to program Arduino, while data collection and analysis is done using Python. Several methods of graphical representation of data are used.

This book describes basic principles of electromagnetic induction measurements and consolidates the outcomes of recent research. It encompasses pipeline electromagnetic flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, multiphase flow electromagnetic flowmeters and flow field of electromagnetic induction reconstruction.

Let me make it clear from the outset that what follows is quite simply a reprint of certain portions of our web site. Specifically, those portions dealing with dial test indicators. This book came about as a result of the many requests we have had for a print version, something that can be kept on the bookshelf-a reference perhaps-or reading material, when sitting in front of the computer screen is not an option. When we began the project it became stunningly evident that a print version of the complete web site would exceed 3,000 pages. That could amount to an encyclopedia of ten volumes not to mention quite a bit of work on my part. I also noticed that a straight forward print-out would not make much sense. Web sites are designed in non-linear form. That is, one web page does not lead logically to the next. Each web page contains numerous links which will have the visitor jump all over the site without necessarily being aware that this is a spider web, a maze of information. In order to keep a direct correlation between the printed chapters in this book and what we call web pages on the computer, I have had to make reference to the website's web page numbers. In the text that follows, any reference to web page numbers refers to the web page numbering on our web site. Thus, when the reader finds a topic of interest, it is an easy matter to go to the computer and locate the same information. To make this book manageable in size, I have chosen to focus on test indicators alone. Indicator repairs are what we started with in 1959 and specifically the Swiss-made gages. The website is a continual work in progress. New information gets added about half a dozen times each day. I started to do this simply to create a reference source for our own use. How else could we remember all the information that was unearthed? Looking at the Table of Contents, you will see that the focus remains principally on the quality indicators made by established manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany, Japan and the USA. I feel justified in focusing on what we know best. I recently calculated that I have personally repaired over 35,000 indicators in the years that I have been working. My father easily matched that number along with tens of thousands of dial calipers and micrometers which he and my brother have repaired. What I learned during all these years has all been put into this repository: www.longislandindicator.com Here you will find charts of manufacturers' specifications and spare parts lists, critical evaluations of brands and models, instructions for cleaning, servicing and calibrating indicators and hundreds of web pages of information which often exceed what manufacturers' catalogs provide. In fact, we have had manufacturers refer to our website to learn things about their own products

Basic theory of uncertainty evaluation in measurements.- Time Domain Measurements.- Frequency Domain Measurements.- Reflectometric Measurements.- PCB scheme.

In the history of humankind, the sea has always played a key role as a privileged medium for communication, commerce and contact among population centers. It constitutes an essential ecosystem, and an invaluable reservoir and source of food for all living beings. Therefore, its heath is a critical challenge for the survival of all humanity, particularly as one the most important environmental components targeted by global warming. Measuring and monitoring techniques are key tools for managing the marine environment and for supporting the Blue Economy. With this perspective, a series of annual international events, entitled Metrology for the Sea (MetroSea for short) was begun in 2017. Their increasing success inspired this book, which provides an anthology of tutorials dealing with a representative selection of topics of concern to a broad readership.

The book covers two broad application areas, marine hydrography and meteorology, and then deals with instrumentation for measurement at sea. Typical metrological issues such as calibration and traceability, are considered, for both physical and chemical quantities. Key techniques, such as underwater acoustic investigation, remote sensing, measurement of waves and monitoring networks, are treated alongside marine geology and the monitoring of animal species. Economic and legal aspects of metrology for navigation are also discussed. Such an unparalleled wide vision of measurement for the sea will be of interest to a broad audience of scientists, engineers, economists, and their students.

Mit dem RP2040 kommt Anfang 2021 ein Baustein auf den Markt, der im Bereich Mikrocontroller neue Ma stäbe hinsichtlich Preis und Ausstattung setzt. Der erste Mikrocontroller aus dem Hause Raspberry Pi spielt im Gegensatz zu den Pi-Single-Chip-Computern in einer Liga, die bisher überwiegend von Arduino, ESP & Co dominiert wird. Inzwischen findet man diesen Controller auf neuen Boards von Adafruit, Sparkfun und auch ein Arduino mit RP2040 ist inzwischen verfügbar.
Es gibt somit viele Gründe sich mit diesem Chip näher zu beschäftigen. Trotz komplexer Hardware, und den sich daraus ergebenden Möglichkeiten, unterstützen die Entwickler für diesen Baustein eine einfache Hochsprache in Form von MicroPython, die den Programmierer in die Lage versetzt, den vollen Zugriff auf die Hardware zu gewähren und sogar Assemblerprogrammierung für einige Anwendungen gestattet. Dieses E-Book möchte Interessierte aus den Bereichen Schule, Ausbildung, Studium und Hobby den Um- oder Einstieg zum RP2040 mit MicroPython erleichtern und die Vorteile dieser Interpreter-Sprache anhand des preiswerten Originals Raspberry Pi Pico herausstellen.
Die Aufteilung des Buches ist so gewählt, dass zu Beginn eine dem Titel entsprechend zielgerichtete Einführung in diese Sprache erfolgt, wobei auch Vergleiche zu anderen Hochsprachen die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede anhand von Beispielen verdeutlichen sollen. Nach einer ausführlichen Vorstellung der Anschlussmöglichkeiten folgen Werkzeuge, die für Mess- Steuer und Regelaufgaben hilfreich sein können. Im letzten Teil sind Anwendungen und Versuche aus dem technisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Bereich aufgeführt, die mit einem RP2040-Board realisierbar sind.
Die empfohlene Programmierumgebung Thonny, die für alle Desktop-Plattformen verfügbar ist, verwendet MicroPython v1.15 on 2021-04-18; Raspberry Pi Pico with RP2040.