Financial Times Best Books of 2023 in Economics

The global battle among the three dominant digital powers--the United States, China, and the European Union--is intensifying. All three regimes are racing to regulate tech companies, with each advancing a competing vision for the digital economy while attempting to expand its sphere of influence in the digital world. In Digital Empires, her provocative follow-up to The Brussels Effect, Anu Bradford explores a rivalry that will shape the world in the decades to come.

Across the globe, people dependent on digital technologies have become increasingly alarmed that their rapid adoption and transformation have ushered in an exceedingly concentrated economy where a few powerful companies control vast economic wealth and political power, undermine data privacy, and widen the gap between economic winners and losers. In response, world leaders are variously embracing the idea of reining in the most dominant tech companies. Bradford examines three competing regulatory approaches--the American market-driven model, the Chinese state-driven model, and the European rights-driven regulatory model--and discusses how governments and tech companies navigate the inevitable conflicts that arise when these regulatory approaches collide in the international domain. Which digital empire will prevail in the contest for global influence remains an open question, yet their contrasting strategies are increasingly clear.

Digital societies are at an inflection point. In the midst of these unfolding regulatory battles, governments, tech companies, and digital citizens are making important choices that will shape the future ethos of the digital society. Digital Empires lays bare the choices we face as societies and individuals, explains the forces that shape those choices, and illuminates the immense stakes involved for everyone who uses digital technologies.

Financial Times Best Books of 2023 in Economics
Winner of 2024 Stein Rokkan Prize

The global battle among the three dominant digital powers--the United States, China, and the European Union--is intensifying. All three regimes are racing to regulate tech companies, with each advancing a competing vision for the digital economy while attempting to expand its sphere of influence in the digital world. In Digital Empires, her provocative follow-up to The Brussels Effect, Anu Bradford explores a rivalry that will shape the world in the decades to come.

Across the globe, people dependent on digital technologies have become increasingly alarmed that their rapid adoption and transformation have ushered in an exceedingly concentrated economy where a few powerful companies control vast economic wealth and political power, undermine data privacy, and widen the gap between economic winners and losers. In response, world leaders are variously embracing the idea of reining in the most dominant tech companies. Bradford examines three competing regulatory approaches--the American market-driven model, the Chinese state-driven model, and the European rights-driven regulatory model--and discusses how governments and tech companies navigate the inevitable conflicts that arise when these regulatory approaches collide in the international domain. Which digital empire will prevail in the contest for global influence remains an open question, yet their contrasting strategies are increasingly clear.

Digital societies are at an inflection point. In the midst of these unfolding regulatory battles, governments, tech companies, and digital citizens are making important choices that will shape the future ethos of the digital society. Digital Empires lays bare the choices we face as societies and individuals, explains the forces that shape those choices, and illuminates the immense stakes involved for everyone who uses digital technologies.

This volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of placing current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches.

The term A.I. is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether human or A.I.

An essential and practical guide to navigate the rapidly evolving laws and policies of Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming our world at a breakneck pace, including the practice of law. The recent rapid development of generative AI, which produces new outputs based on the data it has been trained on and prompts from users, has been heralded as a revolutionary intellectual and technological development. AI has the potential to improve many aspects of the practice of law, including increasing the speed at which many tasks can be done, boosting productivity, and reducing the amount of time spent on routine tasks. In addition, AI can help to solve one of the most pressing problems facing our legal system - the large number of people who are not able to afford a lawyer and must try to navigate the legal system on their own.

There also are significant challenges with the use of AI in the legal profession, including AI's yet undetermined accuracy in drafting legal documents; its potential to undermine confidentiality, privacy and security; the capacity to introduce and perpetuate bias; and its impact on the structure of law firms. Additional concerns include the impact of AI on intellectual property rights; how law schools can best prepare students for this new AI-enabled future; and whether advances in AI will meaningfully reduce the number of attorneys that are needed to serve their clients. Governments and private organizations are grappling with how to develop laws, regulations and rules that will govern the use and functionality of AI systems.

In order to address these issues, this book contains reflections and chapters by a group of more than 40 preeminent AI and legal experts from in-house legal departments; private practice; non-profits; academia; government, and the judiciary. The book covers a wide range of important topics concerning AI and the law and provides practica

A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.

This vibrant and visionary reimagining of the field of cyberlaw through a feminist lens brings together emerging and established scholars and practitioners to explore how gender, race, sexuality, disability, class, and the intersections of these identities affect cyberspace and the laws that govern it. It promises to build a movement of scholars whose work charts a near future where cyberlaw is informed by feminism.

This book proposes a regulatory system for ensuring that AI makes fair decisions.

No one wants to be the subject of an unfair decision made by an AI, and fairness is so important to society that we are likely to want to regulate to demand it. But how? This book attempts to answer that question.

The aim of regulation must be for an AI's decisions to match the human conception of fairness. To understand what that is, the book proposes a holistic understanding of fairness, which tells us what regulation must try to achieve.

However, regulation is not an abstract activity - it regulates how humans behave, and the humans in question are those who develop and use AI for decision-making. Thus the book investigates how those humans are attempting to achieve AI fairness. It finds that there is a serious mismatch between how technologists conceptualise fairness, compared to other humans. How can AI regulation bridge this gap?

Traditional models of regulation cannot solve this problem. Fairness is too nuanced, too contextual, and is ultimately a human emotional response. Instead the book proposes to place the responsibility on the AI community to explain and justify their efforts to achieve fairness, basing regulatory and legal responses on how well that explanation deals with the risks that particular AI presents, and whether the AI operates in accordance with the explanation in use.

The book concludes by examining how far this regulatory model might be useful for some of the other social problems which AI generates.

An original and significant contribution to the literature on AI regulation, this book is a must-read for those working in the areas of law, regulation, and technology.

Can the law keep up with AI?This book examines liability and regulation for artificial intelligence causing serious physical harm, both now and in the future.

While AI moves quickly, regulation follows more slowly - an increasing problem for an evolutionary, fast-paced emerging technology. AI has the potential to save lives, but in doing so will have the potential to take them as well. How do we future-proof law and regulation to incentivise life-saving innovation as safely as possible?

This book details how to regulate AI in high-risk civil applications (for example, automated vehicles and medicine), addressing both liability and regulatory structure. It highlights crucial liability themes for technology governance; provides tools to bridge the gap between regulators and technologists; examines jurisdictional approaches to AI regulation in the EU, UK, USA, and Singapore; and ultimately suggests a jurisdiction-agnostic blueprint for regulation.

In its first and second editions, Tomorrow's Lawyers became an international bestseller, widely read and cited by practitioners and students. The third edition focuses on the law and lawyers in the 2020s.

For Richard Susskind, the future of legal service is neither Grisham nor Rumpole. Instead, he predicts a world of online courts, AI-based global legal businesses, disruptive legal technologies, liberalized markets, commoditization, alternative sourcing, simulated practice on the metaverse, and many new legal jobs.

This volume is a definitive and updated introduction to this future - for aspiring lawyers, and for all who want to modernize and upgrade our legal and justice systems. It offers practical guidance for everyone intending to build careers and businesses in law.

Written in an era of greater technological advance than humanity has ever witnessed, this work is a call to arms: it challenges those who feel that the law and lawyers are somehow immune from technological advance; it draws attention to the unaffordability and inaccessibility of legal service, for businesses and citizens alike; it invites the next generation of lawyers to harness the power of technology in improving and even overhauling the way in which legal and court service is currently provided.

Tomorrow's Lawyers identifies new opportunities for lawyers, new ways of helping clients and the community. It enjoins its readers to become involved in building the systems that will replace outmoded forms of legal work. It argues that it is both a privilege and an obligation for tomorrow's lawyers to embrace and bring about change.

A must-read for legal undergraduates, aspiring and young lawyers, senior practitioners, leaders in law firms and legal businesses, law professors and law teachers.

This book maps out the moral, legal and societal issues brought forth by the use of autonomous systems such as AI and smart robots in outer space.

Humanity is on the brink of a new space era in which projects for permanent human colonies on the Moon and space missions with autonomous AI systems will soon become a reality. Principles and provisions of international space law fall increasingly short in tackling this scenario. Experts and institutions have recommended improvements to the legal framework, such as new international agreements, or policies that would not require any amendment to conventional law. Most of the time, such proposals and recommendations overlook the challenges posed by technology and how autonomous and intelligent systems in outer space require moral and legal standards of their own.

This book argues that the traditional focus on satellite communications, space-related services, and the appropriability of celestial resources needs to be integrated by new laws of outer space regulating cybersecurity law and environmental law, data governance and consumer protection. The new laws of outer space will increasingly concern the development of new standards for the behaviour and decision-making of AI systems and smart robots, with and without humans aboard deep space missions and in next-generation colonies.

What laws shall govern us out there, in a new terra incognita? This is the question that the book sets out to answer.

With cyberspace becoming a domain of inter-state conflict and confrontation, this book is one of the first studies of the ways in which international law can facilitate the peaceful settlement of inter-state cyber disputes.

By employing theoretical and practical inquiries and analysis, the book examines the legal parameters of cyber dispute settlement; explores critical questions about the role of dispute settlement institutions and methods; and identifies and addresses related challenges.

The book begins by considering the legal definition of a cyber dispute and the scope of the good faith obligation of states in settling their cyber disputes peacefully. It then examines the role of certain institutions (International Court of Justice, national courts, the EU, the Security Council) and methods (judicial, diplomatic, countermeasures, arbitration, conciliation, fact-finding) in the settlement of cyber disputes. It also discusses how data disputes can be settled and whether new and specialised mechanisms are needed.

The book provides scholars, practitioners and law students with immediate knowledge and understanding of the role of international law in the peaceful settlement of cyber disputes, as well as how international dispute settlement as a discipline and practice can apply to this new field.

This book provides the first comprehensive doctrinal and comparative study to examine the influence of the fundamental human right to respect for private life on data retention within EU law, specifically communications data and passenger name record data, for the purpose of countering serious crime.

First, it is the only academic publication that offers a complete picture of the EU's institutions, not just the Court of Justice of the EU, at work in a legally and politically sensitive field from a variety of perspectives, thereby contributing to a scholarly understanding of topics which tend to attract generalized opinions not based on detailed analysis of law and practice in specific areas. Secondly, this original analysis of EU data retention law casts a spotlight on the real and actual extent of the weight now being given in the mainstreaming of fundamental rights within the EU policymaking process, providing a more complete picture of the role and impact of human rights on this area of law and policymaking. Thirdly, this book is the only work to outline and examine in detail the impact of the tensions and dialogue between the EU and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) legal systems within the case law of both courts on data privacy and serious crime.

In addition, this book also sets out the implications of the above analysis, and recent landmark jurisprudence on Article 8 ECHR and Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, for new related EU legislation, including Directive 2016/680 on data processing for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences and relevant provisions of the forthcoming E-Privacy Regulation.

This resource provides an understanding of software licensing and cloud computing agreements. It examines the fundamental issues that both licensors and licensees confront in the negotiation of a software license and, where appropriate, looks at relevant ancillary issues such as software development, cloud computing, professional services, and maintenance and support. Also discussed are software development kits (SDKs), application program interfaces (APIs), service level agreements (SLAs), and escrow agreements. The book focuses primarily on non-mass-market production licenses, as most retail or mass-market off-the-shelf software is governed by nonnegotiable shrink-wrap, browse-wrap, and click-wrap licenses.

Written in practical, user-friendly language, this book is cross-referenced to a model agreement, written from the perspective of both the licensor and the licensee. Customizable and easy-to-use model forms with alternative clauses to fit many perspectives and agreements are included in an online website.

New in the Eighth Edition:

• Practice Pointers: practical bullet point summaries and checklists of important issues in each chapter
• One new chapter on mobile applications
• 44 new forms (231 all) as well as new checklists and policies
• Changes, updates, and expanded chapters

This book addresses the interplay between the proportionality principle and EU digital law.

Does EU digital law provide a fair balance of rights and interests? How does proportionality limit legislation in the digital economy? How can it be used to balance competing rights and interests? Diving into the dialectics of law and technology, the book analyses the relevance of the proportionality principle in regulating the digital world and as a vital tool for balancing competing rights and interests.

The chapters analyse how conflicting rights and interests are resolved in EU digital law through the proportionality principle and critically reflect on its application. They scrutinise recent EU regulatory initiatives such as the GDPR, AI Act, Copyright Directive, DSA, and more. They reflect on the unique context of AI systems regulation, digital marketing, and data protection, illuminating the application and impact of proportionality in these arenas.

Providing an in-depth examination of legal actors and real-life conflicts resolved by applying EU digital law, the book explains the pivotal role of the principle of proportionality in achieving an optimal balance of rights in our digital era.

A novel account of how the law contributes to the insecurity of our data and a bold way to rethink it.

Digital connections permeate our lives-and so do data breaches. Given that we must be online for basic communication, finance, healthcare, and more, it is alarming how difficult it is to create rules for securing our personal information. Despite the passage of many data security laws, data breaches are increasing at a record pace. In Breached!, Daniel Solove and Woodrow Hartzog, two of the world's leading experts on privacy and data security, argue that the law fails because, ironically, it focuses too much on the breach itself.

Drawing insights from many fascinating stories about data breaches, Solove and Hartzog show how major breaches could have been prevented or mitigated through a different approach to data security rules. Current law is counterproductive. It pummels organizations that have suffered a breach but doesn't address the many other actors that contribute to the problem: software companies that create vulnerable software, device companies that make insecure devices, government policymakers who write regulations that increase security risks, organizations that train people to engage in risky behaviors, and more.

Although humans are the weakest link for data security, policies and technologies are often designed with a poor understanding of human behavior. Breached! corrects this course by focusing on the human side of security. Drawing from public health theory and a nuanced understanding of risk, Solove and Hartzog set out a holistic vision for data security law-one that holds all actors accountable, understands security broadly and in relationship to privacy, looks to prevention and mitigation rather than reaction, and works by accepting human limitations rather than being in denial of them. The book closes with a roadmap for how we can reboot law and policy surrounding data security.

In The United States of Anonymous, Jeff Kosseff explores how the right to anonymity has shaped American values, politics, business, security, and discourse, particularly as technology has enabled people to separate their identities from their communications.

Legal and political debates surrounding online privacy often focus on the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, overlooking the history and future of an equally powerful privacy right: the First Amendment's protection of anonymity. The United States of Anonymous features extensive and engaging interviews with people involved in the highest profile anonymity cases, as well as with those who have benefited from, and been harmed by, anonymous communications. Through these interviews, Kosseff explores how courts have protected anonymity for decades and, likewise, how law and technology have allowed individuals to control how much, if any, identifying information is associated with their communications. From blocking laws that prevent Ku Klux Klan members from wearing masks to restraining Alabama officials from forcing the NAACP to disclose its membership lists, and to refusing companies' requests to unmask online critics, courts have recognized that anonymity is a vital part of our free speech protections.

The United States of Anonymous weighs the tradeoffs between the right to hide identity and the harms of anonymity, concluding that we must maintain a strong, if not absolute, right to anonymous speech.

Every day, corporations are connecting the dots about our personal behavior--silently scrutinizing clues left behind by our work habits and Internet use. The data compiled and portraits created are incredibly detailed, to the point of being invasive. But who connects the dots about what firms are doing with this information? The Black Box Society argues that we all need to be able to do so--and to set limits on how big data affects our lives.

Hidden algorithms can make (or ruin) reputations, decide the destiny of entrepreneurs, or even devastate an entire economy. Shrouded in secrecy and complexity, decisions at major Silicon Valley and Wall Street firms were long assumed to be neutral and technical. But leaks, whistleblowers, and legal disputes have shed new light on automated judgment. Self-serving and reckless behavior is surprisingly common, and easy to hide in code protected by legal and real secrecy. Even after billions of dollars of fines have been levied, underfunded regulators may have only scratched the surface of this troubling behavior.

Frank Pasquale exposes how powerful interests abuse secrecy for profit and explains ways to rein them in. Demanding transparency is only the first step. An intelligible society would assure that key decisions of its most important firms are fair, nondiscriminatory, and open to criticism. Silicon Valley and Wall Street need to accept as much accountability as they impose on others.

Most Internet users are familiar with trolling--aggressive, foul-mouthed posts designed to elicit angry responses in a site's comments. Less familiar but far more serious is the way some use networked technologies to target real people, subjecting them, by name and address, to vicious, often terrifying, online abuse. In an in-depth investigation of a problem that is too often trivialized by lawmakers and the media, Danielle Keats Citron exposes the startling extent of personal cyber-attacks and proposes practical, lawful ways to prevent and punish online harassment. A refutation of those who claim that these attacks are legal, or at least impossible to stop, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace reveals the serious emotional, professional, and financial harms incurred by victims.

Persistent online attacks disproportionately target women and frequently include detailed fantasies of rape as well as reputation-ruining lies and sexually explicit photographs. And if dealing with a single attacker's revenge porn were not enough, harassing posts that make their way onto social media sites often feed on one another, turning lone instigators into cyber-mobs.

Hate Crimes in Cyberspace rejects the view of the Internet as an anarchic Wild West, where those who venture online must be thick-skinned enough to endure all manner of verbal assault in the name of free speech protection, no matter how distasteful or abusive. Cyber-harassment is a matter of civil rights law, Citron contends, and legal precedents as well as social norms of decency and civility must be leveraged to stop it.

Experts predict that in 5 years' time, more than 90% of all digital content will be wholly or partially AI generated. In a synthetic society, it may no longer be possible to establish what is real and what is not. Central to this open access book are 4 technologies on the frontline of this trend: humanoid robots, deepfakes, augmented reality, and virtual reality.

Although they are only in their relative infancy, these technologies can already produce content that is indistinguishable from authentic material. The impact of this new reality on democracy, the judicial system, the functioning of the press, as well as on personal relationships will be unprecedented.

Van der Sloot describes the technological fundaments of each of those technologies and maps their positive uses for educational purposes as well as for the treatment of patients, for the entertainment and creative industries, and the retail and financial sectors. The book also conceptualises their negative uses for fraud, deception, exploitation, identity-theft and exploitation, and shows their deeper effects on the post-truth society, the privatisation of the public sphere, and the loss of individual autonomy and societal trust.

The book evaluates how the current European legal paradigm applies to these technologies, focussing on the right to privacy and data protection, freedom of expression, procedural law, tort law, and the regulation of AI. It discusses regulatory alternatives to solve existing regulatory gaps and shows that there are no easy answers.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.

With cyber security law being increasingly contentious, organisations require expert assistance to operationalise matters and uphold a necessarily robust security framework.

Invaluable for legal practitioners and organisations, this comprehensive text covers both the law and its practical application, helping to ensure that advisers and organisations have effective policies and procedures in place to deal with cyber security. Topics covered range from privacy and security in the workplace and built environment, to social media and cyber security, and international law and interaction between states.

Revised and updated, the Second Edition also benefits readers with coverage of new topics including:

- The legal risks of generative AI
- Cyber security disputes
- Data architecture
- Social media and cyber security
- Non-fungible tokens ('NFTs') as legal property
- Cyber security checklist and triage

In addition to contributions from leading international experts, the book also features in-depth reports from industry specialists. Additional context is provided through insights into how the law is developed outside the regulatory frameworks, case law and the role of professional and industry standards for security.

This title is included in Bloomsbury Professional's Cyber Law online service.