AFRICAN AMERICAN LAWMEN, 1877-1900, Vol. 2, discusses the understudied topic of African Americans holding civic and professional positions in the criminal justice system following Reconstruction. For a better understanding of this topic, Lievin Kambamba Mboma tackles the early unofficial lapse of Reconstruction Era policies resulting from rebellion by underprivileged Southern Whites. Namely, regarding the unofficial end of Reconstruction, Mboma briefly explores the lapse of this period as contextualized by rebellions in Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Arkansas along with the peaceful end of Reconstruction policies in North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. He also examines the position of the federal government on the premature lapse of Reconstruction Era policies, and with expert precision, offers critique of the non-interference of Federal authorities in Southern rebellion as indicated through the policies of President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes. Mboma further finds that Presidential successors, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley also observed the same non-interference policies as their predecessors.

From Reconstruction failure and federal government responses, Mboma's study progresses to documentary evidence of the emergence of Black union members, their associations with the Republican Party and Lily Whites, and the Black and Tans political phenomenon. Moreover, he analyzes legally restrictive franchise methods utilized by Southern officials, such as the Constitutional Amendment and political party's restrictive election measure, which he describes as tools used to disenfranchise African Americans and circumvent their inclusion in criminal justice. The specific areas of inclusion in the criminal justice system explored by Mboma include African American retentions, exclusion, and re-inclusions in the police force, prisons, judiciary system, and regulatory agencies at the county, state, and federal levels.

The totality of historical documentation analyzed reveals that many African Americans executed political strategies to maintain their presence as political actors at the local and state levels. They furthermore joined the fusion government or switched political parties on the federal level. Additionally, the strategic exodus of African Americans heading North, West, or even East to Liberia to overcome civil and political injustices in the South cannot be discounted. Thus, the works of such leaders as Henry Adams of Louisiana and Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton of Tennessee during the African American exodus from the South are highlighted in the context of connections with the emergence of African Americans in the pollical sphere of the North. This book is an essential addition to the literature on African Americans in the aftermath of Reconstruction for students, professors, scholars and anyone interested in U.S. history and law.

AFRICAN AMERICAN LAWMEN, 1877-1900, Vol. 2, discusses the understudied topic of African Americans holding civic and professional positions in the criminal justice system following Reconstruction. For a better understanding of this topic, Lievin Kambamba Mboma tackles the early unofficial lapse of Reconstruction Era policies resulting from rebellion by underprivileged Southern Whites. Namely, regarding the unofficial end of Reconstruction, Mboma briefly explores the lapse of this period as contextualized by rebellions in Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Arkansas along with the peaceful end of Reconstruction policies in North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. He also examines the position of the federal government on the premature lapse of Reconstruction Era policies, and with expert precision, offers critique of the non-interference of Federal authorities in Southern rebellion as indicated through the policies of President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes. Mboma further finds that Presidential successors, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley also observed the same non-interference policies as their predecessors.

From Reconstruction failure and federal government responses, Mboma's study progresses to documentary evidence of the emergence of Black union members, their associations with the Republican Party and Lily Whites, and the Black and Tans political phenomenon. Moreover, he analyzes legally restrictive franchise methods utilized by Southern officials, such as the Constitutional Amendment and political party's restrictive election measure, which he describes as tools used to disenfranchise African Americans and circumvent their inclusion in criminal justice. The specific areas of inclusion in the criminal justice system explored by Mboma include African American retentions, exclusion, and re-inclusions in the police force, prisons, judiciary system, and regulatory agencies at the county, state, and federal levels.

The totality of historical documentation analyzed reveals that many African Americans executed political strategies to maintain their presence as political actors at the local and state levels. They furthermore joined the fusion government or switched political parties on the federal level. Additionally, the strategic exodus of African Americans heading North, West, or even East to Liberia to overcome civil and political injustices in the South cannot be discounted. Thus, the works of such leaders as Henry Adams of Louisiana and Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton of Tennessee during the African American exodus from the South are highlighted in the context of connections with the emergence of African Americans in the pollical sphere of the North. This book is an essential addition to the literature on African Americans in the aftermath of Reconstruction for students, professors, scholars and anyone interested in U.S. history and law.

AFRICAN AMERICAN LAWMEN, 1867-1877 explores the understudied topic of African Americans in law enforcement, as well as in executive and elected political offices during the Reconstruction Era. During this historical period, African Americans served in various capacities, including as policemen, justices of the peace, judges, and correctional officers. Additionally, African Americans were empowered with regulatory duties at the local, state, and federal levels such as serving as tax collectors, school inspectors, sanitary inspectors, county board of supervisors, city appraisers, street commissioners, and assessors. Moreover, they held executive offices at the city and state levels as mayors and lieutenant-governors. Furthermore, they were elected as congressmen and senators.

Mboma analyzes the reconstruction policy approaches of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson along with the views of radical lawmakers regarding the readmission of seceded states. Within this context, Congressman Thaddeus Stevens's radical reconstruction vision is also explained.

This work also examines the employment of African Americans in states and districts like Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, and Washington, D.C., that were not subjected to Reconstruction.

Mboma objectively tackles the difficulties faced by lawmakers regarding the readmission of rebel states and the specific strategies used to overcome constitutional dilemmas during the readmission process.

The EMPLOYMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, 1803 - 1865, examines pertinent primary source and secondary data on police, justices of the peace, and militia duties entrusted to African Americans in Louisiana and in selected Northern states before the Civil War and during the Civil War. In addition, the book discusses African American's little known criminal justice appointments in the plantation regimes, their military police work, and spying missions. The book adeptly challenges the misconception that African Americans were not employed as lawmen prior to the Civil War. Through the discussion of major African American lawmen, Wentworth Cheswell, Captain William Ledesdorff, Macon Bolling Allen, and Robert Morris, the integrality of African Americans to the antebellum legal system is thoroughly examined. This work has major implications for understanding the historical role of the race in the American legal system.

African Descendants in Colonial America: Impact on the Preservation of Peace, Security, and Safety in New England, 1638-1783 analyzes salient data on the contributions made by black men in the area of public safety in the New England colonies. Regarding public safety, black men served as militiamen, soldiers, sailors, and privateers during the long-lasting colonial wars-- King William, Queen Anne, King George, and the French and Indian Wars. With the assistance of librarians and archivits from various New England historical societies, Lievin Kambamba Mboma gathered authoritative information on militia and privateer duties performed by Africans and African Americans in cooperation with white military men during colonial conflicts. In addition to the documents from historical societies, Mboma consulted colonial journals and history books written by local authors during the 1700s and 1800s from multiple New England towns. In the sources consulted, unquestionable information concerning black soldiers was documented. These primary and secondary sources included men who were slaves, servants, and free. Moreover, Mboma collected authoritative acts and militia laws written and observed for the inclusion of Africans in the security apparatus of each New England colony, respectively--Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hamphsire.

African Descendants in Colonial America also discusses the approach advocated by Sir William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham and the British Secretary of State during the French and Indian War. His determinaton to end French domination in North America was argued vehemently. In addition to the political and military designs of Sir William Pitt, the research tackles the impact made by British soldiers during the French and Indian Wars. Nearing the end of these wars, Sir William Pitt championed funding colonial militia to defeat the French in North America. Moreover, the impact made by friendly Native Americans in the execution of the colonial conflict is noted, and the annexation of Canada to the British crown is mentioned.

Mboma's work visualizes race relations in America from a fresh perspective. He discusses the multiple-status of Africans and African Americans in colonial America. They were slaves, servants, and freemen. During warfare, they fought side-by-side with their white counterparts. It appears that they were not discriminated against in the battle field. Men of African descent fought and defended freedom with the same purpose and passion as their white compatriots. Mboma's study demonstrates the significance of communal struggle for freedom and liberty. New England colonists utilized a temporary inclusive militia policy to end the domination of the French in North America. Similarly, during the American Revolution, African Americans were enlisted for the fight against the unjust policy of King George III of England. Deeds such as those of Cripus Attucks, Peter Salem, and Salem Poor notably show that Africans and their descendants were valuable military associates who contributed greatly in America's public safety and her fight for indedpendence. Mboma further examines multiple duties performed by men of color in the Continental Army and the navy during wartime at various locales in New England.

Importantly, African Descendants in Colonial America enlightens readers regarding the much overlooked limited freedom afforded Africans in New England during the early colonial years. Data shows that during this period black men were permitted to elect honorable persons among themselves to serve as governor and other elected officials. The black governor had executive and judicial power.

African Descendants in Colonial America: Impact on the Preservation of Peace, Security, and Safety in New England: 1638-1783 analyzes salient data on the contributions made by black men in the area of public safety in New England colonies. Regarding public safety, black men served as militiamen, soldiers, sailors, and privateers during the long-lasting colonial wars- King William, Queen Anne, King George, and the French and Indian Wars. With the assistance of librarians and archivists from various New England historical societies, Lievin Kambamba Mboma gathered authoritative information on militia and privateer duties performed by Africans and African Americans in cooperation with white military men during colonial conflicts. In addition to the documents from historical societies, Mboma consulted colonial journals and history books written by local authors during the 1700s and 1800s from multiple New England towns. In the sources consulted, unquestionable information concerning black soldiers was documented. These primary and secondary sources included Documentation men who were slaves, servants, and free. Moreover, Mboma collected authoritative acts and militia laws written and observed for the inclusion of Africans in the security apparatus of each New England colony, respectively-Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

African Descendants in Colonial America also discusses the approach advocated by Sir William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham and the British Secretary of State during the French and Indian War. His determination to end French domination in North America was argued vehemently. In addition to the political and military designs of Sir William Pitt, the research tackles the impact made by British soldiers during the French and Indian Wars. Nearing the end of these wars, Sir William Pitt championed funding colonial militia to defeat the French in North America. Moreover, the impact made by friendly Native Americans in the execution of the colonial conflict is noted, and the annexation of Canada to the British crown is mentioned.

Mboma's work visualizes race relations in America from a fresh perspective. He discusses the multiple-status of Africans and African Americans in colonial America. They were slaves, servants, and freemen. During warfare, they fought side-by-side with their white counterparts. It appears that they were not discriminated in the battle field. Men of African descent fought and defended freedom with the same purpose and passion as their white compatriots. Mboma's study demonstrates the significance of communal struggle for freedom and liberty. New England colonists utilized a temporary inclusive militia policy to end the domination of the French in North America. Similarly, during the American Revolution, African Americans were enlisted for the fight against the unjust policy of King George III of England. Deeds such as those of Cripus Attucks, Peter Salem, and Salem Poor notably show that Africans and their descendants were valuable military associates who contributed greatly in America's public safety and her fight for independence. Mboma further examines multiple duties performed by men of color in the Continental Army and the navy during wartime at various locales in New England.

Importantly, African Descendants in Colonial America enlightens readers regarding the much overlooked limited freedom afforded Africans in New England during the early colonial years. Data shows that during this period black men were permitted to elect honorable persons among themselves to serve as governor and other elected officials. The black governor had executive and judicial power.

+The EMPLOYMENTOF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, 1803-1865, examines pertinent primary source and secondary data on police, justices of the peace, and militia duties entrusted to African Americans in Louisiana and in selected Northern states before the Civil War and during the Civil War. In addition, the book discusses African American's little known criminal justice appointments in the plantation regimes, their military police work, and spying missions. The book adeptly challenges the misconception that African Americans were not employed as lawmen prior to the Civil War. Through the discussion of major African American lawmen, Wentworth Cheswell, Captain William Ledesdorff, Macon Bolling Allen, and Robert Morris, the integrality of African Americans to the antebellum legal system is thoroughly examined. This work has major implications for understanding the historical role of the race in the American legal system.

DEMOCRACY, THEOCRACY, ARISTOCRACY, AND THE RULE OF LAW IN THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, 1620-1686 explores the emergence of various governmental formations in early New England. Namely, pertinent data on the variations of government in the Massachusetts Bay and New Haven colonies are examined for democratic, theocratic, and aristocratic topography. Lievin Kambamba Mboma particularly tackles the instaurations of democratic forms of government in Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode Island and the settlements of New Hampshire and Maine while under Massachusetts Bay colonial governance. Principal actors like Governors John Winthrop, Thomas Dudley, Richard Bellingham, Harry Vane, Theophilus Eaton, Roger Williams, and John Haynes are discussed given the influence of their personal political thoughts and religious convictions. Mboma similarly notes the contributions of John Cotton, John Davenport, and Thomas Hooker as religious ministers and government actors.

With keen analysis, Mboma simultaneously records the democratic principles advocated by freemen in their respective towns, plantations, and villages. When all is considered, clear principles of rule of law in the colonies are revealed as creating the bedrock of Western government, including those of freemen, freedom of conscience and religion, equal justice, personal security, and civil liberties. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties, The English Magna Charta, the Connecticut Fundamental Orders of 1639, The Connecticut Code of 1650, The Mayflower Compact signed in 1620, the Rhode Island Code of 1647 and the Rhode Island Charter of 1663 serve as important primary sources for the laws and orders enacted to secure the liberties of the freemen, servants, and strangers which continue to shape contemporary governance in the United States. Readers will thus understand Mboma's insertion of the Constitution of the United States and his juxtaposing it with law in the New England colonies to connect the continuation of liberties in our current era.

For deeper understanding, towns liberties enjoyed by the freemen along with milestones in the evolution of the representative system of the New England colonies during the period under analysis are presented, and the expansions of self-governing forms of government in New Jersey, New York, and the Puritan settlements in South Carolina and Georgia are analyzed. This work offers scholars, professors, students, and the public vital information on the forms of government instituted in the New England colonies and allows for historical mapping of the legal principles and rule of law that subsequently shaped government in the free nations and United States generally.

PILGRIMS AND PURITANS IN COLONIAL AMERICA: Regulatory Laws in the New England Colonies, 1630-1686, gives an account of the regulatory laws promulgated in the New England colonies by the general courts for the organization of schools, price control, military training, employment, and wage control. In addition, this book recounts the duties of lawmakers and the methods utilized for the promulgation of these many laws. Examples of these include examinations of colonial laws such as the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, the Connecticut Code of 1650, and the Rhode Island code law of 1663. Furthermore, this work investigates the demographic history of the founders of the New England colonies like John Winthrop, John Cotton, Roger Williams, Rev. John White, Roger Ludlow, Thomas Hooker, John Haynes, Rev. John Davenport, and Theophilus Eaton. The data regarding the founders of New England is significant because it correlates with the laws they enacted for the regulation of the economy, religions, courts, employment, and schools.

Moreover, data pertaining to New England colonists reveal pertinent information on their governing styles, as well as the maintenance of law and order. In this book, the academic institutions that the colonists attended in England and Scotland are attentively examined. Historically, many New England colonists were alumni from Cambridge and Oxford. With those academic degrees, they established civilized colonies in accordance with Christian values they acquired from universities in England. This largely shared culture has been subsequently observed by Anglo-Americans.

As noted previously, the book also discusses the discovery missions conducted by English subjects in North America. The work of explorers such as Captain John Smith, Sebastian Cabot, and his children is pieced together. In a like manner, the impacts made by English explorers such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Plymouth and Bristol merchants are noted. This work also points out the contributions made by the crowns of England for the completion of discovery missions in the same region. The impacts made by King Henry VII, King Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, King Edward VI, King James I, and King Charles I were investigated. Equally, the formation of the Plymouth Company and the Council for New England, which served as catalysts for the founding of the New England colonies, are analyzed. Similarly, the incorporation of the same organizations is elucidated. The Council of New England was a body that had the legal power to sell land to the architects of the planting of colonies in New England.

The movement enacted by the colonists in Massachusetts Bay and New Plymouth for Connecticut is thoroughly explained, as is the planting of colonies in Rhode Island by the inhabitants banished from Massachusetts Bay. The foundation of New Haven Colony by Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton is briefly explored. The migrations of inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut inhabitants to Long Island are discussed.

Finally, school regulations in the New England colonies are saliently examined. The establishment of domestic, dame, elementary, grammar, and private schools is detailed in this work. The schools in the colonies followed the same model as the English schools. The contributions of monks and religious leaders in the building of schools in England are stated. Additionally, the book explores the history of Harvard University, pointing out the duties of the overseers of the college, the corporation of the institution, and the assistance of poor scholars. Moreover, the judiciary jurisdiction of Harvard College is briefly detailed.